Educational Development in India - Social Science - 8th Std - 26/2/21, 5/3/21, 12/3/21 (views:39/9/9/21)

By gSeva.org (volunteer for eVidyaloka / Team Everest )
இந்தியாவில் கல்வி வளர்ச்சி Educational Development in India  

“அறிவு என்பது மனிதனின் மூன்றாவது கண் - Knowledge is third eye of man"

First Class on 26/2/21 : Let us remember what we learnt from this lesson. ( Read book lesson in Tamil: தமிழில் படிக்க )

You can use this to write your answers to questions of different marks: 

1. Education is a continuous process of learning to achieve knowledge, skills and values (value education). 
2. Society gets progress from responsible people who are educated. 
3. World faces constant challenges because new problems and tasks come up. So, We need education to meet those challenges and solve them.

4. Education in Ancient India : Word education came from sankrit word 'Veda'. Teaching and learning is the way of life since many centuries in India. It was far better than other countries. Ancient education system followed holistic development of man. He learnt about himself and his hidden inner knowledge. They focussed on getting knowledlge with humility, truthfulness, discipline, and respect for all being like humans, animals, birds, plants, etc.

5. Sources of Learning : Panini, Aryabhata, Katyayana and Patanjali wrote many educational books and also Charaka and Sushruta. (பணினி, ஆரியபட்டா, காத்யாயனா, பதஞ்சலி, சாரகா, சுச்ருதா ). Various subjects like history, logic, interpretation, architecture, polity, agriculture, trade, commerce, animal husbandry and archery, Physical education were taught. Students took part in game and competitions . Students were tested by debates. Group study was practised. Senior students assisted junior students. 

6. Ancient Education System in India : Both formal and informal education was there. குருகுலம் Guru kula followed Indian system of knowledge-learning. Temples, Patasalah, Home, or other public places, sometimes even on the river-banks. Teaching was oral. Guru kulas were called by the names of the Rishis, or Sages who ran such patasalas. Students (called Seedar or Sishyas) stayed with the Sages in the Guru kulas and learnt education and the way of life. (மாணவர்கள் கவனிக்க: புட்டபர்த்தி சாயி பாபா கல்லூரியில் ஓரளவு இந்த மாதிரி குருகுல முறைதான் பின்பற்ற படுகிறது.)

7. Higher education was given by monasteries and viharas. Here monks and nuns debated with other learned men. Other colleges came up around these monastries. Students from far off nations (China, korea, tibet, burma, ceylon, java, nepal, etc) migrated to india to study here. 

  • Next Class on 5/3/21 : 
8. Buddist period: Viharas and Universities : The Jataka tales and Chinese scholars like Hiuen Tsang and I Tsing tell us that  kings showed much interest in education for society. Many famous universities like  Taxila, Nalanda, Valabhi, Vikramshila, Odantapuri and Jagaddala were started. And also at Benaras and Kanchi. 

9. Role of Teachers:  No Govt. approval - self management of selection of students, designing syllabus -  When teacher satisfied with students performance, course finished - Admission decided by teacher - taught what students liked - used Debate method -  Senior students assisted.

10. Medieval period : Quick, big changes in education, because of Muslims - Muslim Kings invasion - Business community abroad invasion - They taught their country culture - Changes in culture of religion, society and education - their aim : illumination and extension of knowledge - started  elementary and secondary schools - new ideas because of friendship between Indians and Muslims - taught  theology, religion, philosophy, fine arts, painting, architecture, mathematics, medicine and astronomy.

11. Before muslims came, already good education system in india - Muslims developed urban education by creating library and literary groups - primary schools (maktabs) taught reading, writing, and basic Islamic prayers - Sultans like Iltumish and Nobles set up secondary schools (madrasas) taught advanced language - trained scholars to work in government (Kingdom).

12. Education was restricted to religion subject - Ulema - Later, other subjects taught : Medicine,  Arabic literature, grammar and philosophy - Muslims brought women education in medieval and early modern periods - other private individuals started Ghaziuddin Madrasa in Ghaziuddin in Delhi and Maulana Sadruddin at Shahjahanabad.

13. Later medieval era : British and European missionaries taught their education - indians liked Western education - Many Indian religious mutt / monasteries came up and started schools -  Sri Ramanuja caused Ahobila Mutt in Srirangam and Jain Pallis and Buddist vihars. 

14. Modern system of Education by Christian Missioneries from Europe -  

15. Europeans did business and bought lands in india and built forts - they wanted to teach their children - opened schools - adopted out method also to teach indians - Francis Xavier opened university in Cochin (Kerala). and in Goa in 1575 to teach Christianity, logic, grammar and music  - John Kiernander , first missionary to teach christian religious education to Indians In 1812 - Dr. C.S. John's 20 free reading schools in Tranquebar ( in tamil : Tharangambadi).

16. Later Portuguese and French also opened schools - indian teachers taught in local languages - higher secondary schools - Two German Bishops ( Ziegenbalg and Plustscham) started teachers training college - 

17. Then came English East India Company in 1600 AD (CE) - started education in english and sanskrit (samaskritham) in Madras (Chennai) and Benaras - Bishop college in Calcutta  became Missionary college (monastery) -  Mount Stuart Elphinstone asked to teach in local languages - Elphinstone College in Mumbai 

18. Education in the British Rule : Four periods:
A : early days to 1813 
B: 1813 to 1853  
C: 1854 to 1920 
D: 1921 to 1947 (till Indian Independance). 
  • A.  British Govt did not support educational program - so no interest by govt - Raja Ram Mohan Roy in West Bengal and Pachyappa in Madras and Frazer in Delhi promoted education. 
  • B.  From 1813, how education should be taught was debated - Some wanted only Sanskrit and Persian as medium - English speaking Christians wanted english medium only - Others wanted all other languages medium - British Lord Macaulay in 1835 declared english medium for upper classes - Said each State can teach in their own medium - Problem till 1854.
  • C.  From 1854 : Brought all india education policy (Magna Carta) - Charles Wood and Hunter education commssion in 1882 recommended primary education imortance. 
  • D.  From 1883 : All states had different syllabus and medium from 1935- but affected by economic crisis 1929 - After second world war, new education policy came in 1994 - by Sergeant Report - This system was  reviewed and revised after our independence. 
  • E.   In 1937, Mahatma Gandhiji introduced Wardha Scheme - taught non-violence and value education.  
19. Education after Independence : In 1948, Dr. Radhakrishnan recommended University Grants Commission to decide what to teach in higher subjects and colleges - then secondary education commission in 1952-53 came and specified how the schools should be run - followed by Dr. D.S. Kothari Commission in 1964 - recommended  Free and compulsory primary education for all children till 14 years age and 10+2+3 school pattern. 

20. In 1968 new education policy was designed - national integration and cultural progress was introduced in subjects - 1986 the policy was revised to give lift the life status of poor people and equal opportunity to all people by giving scholarship and equal opportunity and informal education to uneducated older population - called Operation Blackboard - revised the syllabus, work while you learn, and new evaluation methods. 

NEXT CLASS Dt : 12/3/21: THIS CLASS WILL NOT BE EXPLAINED. SIMPLY PRESENTED IN GOOGLE MEET. NO TALK.  

21. SSA: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (சர்வ சிக்ட்சா அபியான்)   - India Govt.'s chief scheme (முதன்மையான திட்டம்) 
  • Launched in 2000  
  • Aim : Give elementary school education to all - 
  • Gives right to every child (aged 6 to 14) for free and compulsory education in elementary school with midday-meals.

22. RMSA : Rastriya Madhyamik (ராஷ்ட்ரிய மத்யமிக் சிக்ட்சா) Shiksha Abhiyan - 
  • Goal of RMSA : quality, easy to reach, cheap and free for students of age 15-16 
  • Creates Science lab, libraries, training for teachers, computer-aided education, co-
  • curricular activities and teaching-learning aids 

23. 2018 : Samagra Siksha (சமக்ர சிக்ட்சா) (Complete/ All-in-all Education)-  
  • Goal : Complete education policy for classes LKG to +12 - to improve effectiveness,  equal opportunities, learning outcomes - 
  • Combined the two schemes: SSA, and RMSA 
  • National education policy was completed in 2020 (Instead of 10+2+3, new 5+3+3+4 from 2022 June)

24. Education Development in Tamilnadu :
  • Harmful if not educated as told in Thirukkural
  • Ancient times, the school = ‘Palli’ and teacher = ‘Kanakkayar (கணக்காயர்)’


25. Education during Kingdoms :
  • a. Pallava kings period : arranged charity (தொண்டு மற்றும் இலவச சேவை) and created Ghatika institution - Vaishnava and Saiva mutts provided boarding and lodging facilities to all students and teachers.
  • b. Chola Kings period - religious education - Free education - From the inscription (KALVETTU) we see qualification of teacher, method of teaching, salary of teachers, food provided to the students and the land given to the schools -
  • c. Rajaraja Chaturvedimangalam (Ennayiram, Villupuram Dist) Vedic College famous - Tiruvidaikkalai inscription mentions a library - Tiruvaduthurai inscription of Virarajendra refers to a medical school -
  • d. Pandiya Kingdom : Copper plate inscriptions tells they patronised (aadharavu, udhavi) Sanskrit - Schools were called as Ghatigai, Salai and Vidhyasathana -
  • Salabhogam means Lands were given to teachers - example: Vallabha Perunchalai at Kanyakumari). Kandhalur Salai famous -
  • e. Vijayanagaram kingdom also promoted many schools - Nayak kings started Thinnappalli Koodam.

26. Modern Period education : 
  • Fernande built primary school under  Veerappak Nayak's rule. 
  • Maratta ruler Sarfoji -II (இரண்டாம் சரபோஜி மன்னர்) collected ancient records and kept them in the Saraswathi Mahal library, Tanjore and also printed in his press. 
  • Sir Thomas Munro (சர்.தாமஸ் மன்ரோ) the Governor of Madras = Presidency (1820-27) started Western education Madras Presidency.  Munroe's education committee asked to create two schools in District and Taluk levels.
  • In 1835 Lord William Bentinck ordered Western Education in India
  • Wood’s Despatch of 1854 introduced  Department for public education
  • TAMIL NADU : 
  • First university in Tamilnadu is Madras University in 1857. 
  • Board Schools were created that can start new schools. 
  • Till1938, all subjects  were taught in Tamil in schools.
  • Then Annamalai university was started.

27. Education after Indepence:
  • Gandhigram Rural College 1971
  • Distance education (through post, not online) in 1956
  • Midday Meal (மதிய உணவு திட்டம்) Programme and Nutirition Meal scheme in 1982 to stop students from leaving the school. 
  • From 1986, many such progress are made in education.